毛乌素沙地杨柴灌木林恢复演替过程中土壤活性有机碳组分变化特征

土壤活性有机碳是土壤有机碳(SOC)的活性部分,是衡量土壤质量和健康状况的重要指标,能够反映植被恢复演替过程中土壤环境的早期变化。但在SOC贫瘠的沙地,长期恢复演替如何影响土壤活性有机碳组分尚不清楚。本研究以毛乌素沙地杨柴人工灌木林为研究对象,分别选取未造林(CK)与造林年限9 a、18 a和30 a的杨柴人工灌木林,探究毛乌素沙地杨柴人工灌木林恢复演替过程中土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和SOC变化规律。结果表明：(1)毛乌素沙地杨柴灌木林随恢复演替年限增加土壤固碳能力增强,但在恢复演替18 a时出现转折点,恢复演替18—30 a时土壤固碳速率相对减缓;(2)表层0—10 cm土壤DOC、MBC和ROC对恢复演替响应较为敏感,恢复演替过程中表层土壤活性有机碳各组分含量逐渐升高;(3)恢复演替年限并未对土壤活性有机碳占SOC比例产生显著影响,同时也未显著改变碳库活度。综上所述,毛乌素沙地杨柴灌木林恢复演替有助于土壤活性有机碳和SOC积累,但长期恢复演替是否持续对土壤活性有机碳固持产生积极作用仍需进一步研究。     

金沙江下游典型库区消落带植被恢复模式

消落带植被分布、生活型、多样性的调查研究显著促进了消落带植被恢复技术的进步,然而相邻两梯级库区消落带植被分布的差异以及植被群落特征的年际变化并不明确。此外,金沙江下游部分区域表现出一定的干热特征,其影响下的消落带植被群落特征有待深入了解。基于2019年和2021年向家坝和溪洛渡库区消落带植被调查结果,分析表明：(1)金沙江下游消落带按照下垫面特性主要分为硬岩型、软岩型、松软堆积型3种类型,坡度平缓的松软堆积型消落带是植被恢复的主要类型;(2)整体上,消落带优势植被类型是一年生和多年生草本,单优势种、少优势种群落较为普遍,两个库区消落带优势种重要值差异显著,植被生活型较少;(3)向家坝、溪洛渡库区消落带在分别经历6次和8次周期性水淹后,消落带植被分布与群落物种多样性特征变化不显著,表明消落带植被群落结构相对稳定。综上说明向家坝、溪洛渡两个相邻的梯级库区消落带植被恢复需要以灌草为主,且具有不同的潜在恢复模式,因此需要对应采取不同的恢复策略。研究对于科学指导金沙江下游梯级水电站库区消落带植被恢复具有重要意义。     

PCR-mediated screening and labeling of DNA from clones

A simplified and economical protocol for DNA library screening and nonradioactive labeling is described. Bacterial clones are lysed in 1% of Triton X-100 and subjected to polymerase chain reaction in the presence of digoxigenin-11-dUTP to screen and simultaneously to label the DNA inserts. Bacteriallysates are stable in storage at −20°C and can be used repeatedly for PCR-mediated labeling. In this protocol, very low concentrations of dNTP, digoxigenin-dUTP, and primers are used in combination with a reduced reaction volume. This will considerably reduce the expense of screening and labeling bacterial clones and facilitate the exchange of DNA probes among laboratories.     

Antituberculous drug resistance in Manitoba from 1980 to 1989.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the magnitude of antituberculous drug resistance and identify the risk factors for its development in tuberculosis patients in Manitoba over a 10-year period. As well, to examine the clinical course of the patients whose initial or subsequent isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were resistant to one or more drugs. DESIGN: Comparison of drug-resistant and non-drug-resistant cases of tuberculosis. SETTING: Manitoba. PATIENTS: All people with tuberculosis reported to the Central Tuberculosis Registry of Manitoba between Jan. 1, 1980, and Dec. 31, 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Of 1478 cases of active tuberculosis 1086 were culture positive, and drug susceptibility testing was performed in these cases. The clinical course, including outcome of treatment, of all drug-resistant cases was described. RESULTS: Of 1086 culture-positive cases of tuberculosis 77 (7.1%) were drug resistant. Odds ratios suggested that the risk of drug resistance was significantly higher among the immigrants than among the other Canadians. Compared with the other Canadians the risk of drug resistance was 9.9 times greater among the immigrants in whom tuberculosis developed within the first year after arrival in Canada and 5.4 times greater among the immigrants in whom it developed 2 to 5 years after arrival in Canada. Of the 71 patients with drug-resistant disease whose type of resistance was known 62% had never taken antituberculous drugs before and 38% had. Most (91%) of the 77 cases of drug-resistant disease were resistant to first-line drugs, especially isoniazid and streptomycin. Thirty-two (42%) of the 77 cases were resistant to two or more first-line drugs. Of patients with drug-resistant disease a subgroup of 10 had disease that became resistant to several drugs over the 10-year period. The outcome of treatment in these individuals was poor, and they presented a particular public health problem. CONCLUSION: Resistance to one or more first-line antituberculous drugs continues to complicate the treatment of tuberculosis and may facilitate the spread of the disease.     

多方法组合调查新疆阿勒泰地区6种常见鼠传致病菌流行状况

【背景】鼠传疾病是对人类危害较大的一种人兽共患病,全球化使得鼠传疾病流行区域不断扩大,出现了多种新发鼠传疾病的发生及旧传染病的复燃。【目的】调查新疆阿勒泰地区常见的鼠传致病菌在啮齿动物中的流行状况,为当地自然疫源性疾病防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用夹夜法捕获啮齿动物,无菌收集其脾脏和肾脏组织,提取基因组DNA。应用TaqMan探针法的荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)检测巴尔通体(Bartonella spp.)、问号钩端螺旋体(Leptospirainterrogans)、恙虫病东方体(Orientiatsutsugamushi)、莫氏立克次体(Rickettsia mooseri)、嗜吞噬细胞无形体(Anaplasma phagocytophilum)和土拉弗朗西斯菌(Francisella tularensis)6种常见的鼠传致病菌。采用16SrRNA基因的通用引物进行常规PCR扩增后,应用Illumina测序和Nanopore测序进一步检测致病菌,同时对脾脏组织进行巴尔通体体外分离培养。比较qPCR...     

Effects of Mechanized,Deep Application of Slow-Release Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Utilization of Direct-Seeded Rice

Compared with the standard method of manual fertilizer broadcasting (MFB), mechanized hill-drilling direct-seeding with deep application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (MHDDF) is an efficient method to integrate both fertilization and seeding. However, there are few studies that combine the use of slow-release fertilizer with MHDDF. We sought to explore the combined effect of MHDDF with slow-release fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium utilization, compared to MFB. We compared three different MHDDF methods (D30: 450 kg ha^?1, D40: 600 kg ha^?1, D50: 750 kg ha^?1), with one MFB method (B50: 750 kg ha^?1), and one control (CK: 0 kg ha^?1). We found that the yield of all MHDDF method was higher than that of both the MFB method. Yield was the highest in the D50 treatment and was 14.14–46.03% higher than that in B50 treatment. Biomass accumulation, nutrient accumulation, and nutrient use efficiency were similarly higher in MHDDF method than both MFB and CK. Compared to B50, the D50 treatment increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 170.53–231.50%, phosphorus recovery efficiency by 480.00–724.25%, and potassium recovery efficiency by 201.55–169.59%. Overall, we found that combining MHDDF with slow-release fertilizer was an effective method to increase rice yield and nutrient use efficiency compared with MFB.

     

New Isopropyl Chromone and Flavanone Glucoside Compounds from the Leaves of Syzygium cerasiforme (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry and Their Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production

A new isopropyl chromone ( 1 ) and a new flavanone glucoside ( 2 ) together with eleven known compounds ( 3–13 ) were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium cerasiforme (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry. Their structures were elucidated as 5,7-dihydroxy-2-isopropyl-6,8-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one ( 1 ), 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone 7-O-β-D-(6′′-O-galloylglucopyranoside) ( 2 ), strobopinin ( 3 ), demethoxymatteucinol ( 4 ), pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 5 ), (2S)-hydroxynaringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 6 ), afzelin ( 7 ), quercetin ( 8 ), kaplanin ( 9 ), endoperoxide G3 ( 10 ), grasshopper ( 11 ), vomifoliol ( 12 ), litseagermacrane ( 13 ) by the analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and CD spectral data. Compounds 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 and 10 inhibited NO production on LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells with IC₅₀ values of 12.28±1.15, 8.52±1.62, 7.68±0.87, 9.67±0.57, and 6.69±0.34 μM, respectively, while the IC₅₀ values of the other compounds ranging from 33.38±0.78 to 86.51±2.98 μM, compared to that of the positive control, N^G-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA) with an IC₅₀ value of 32.50±1.00 μM.     

Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Fungal Strains Isolated from Piper nigrum Roots: Experimental and Computational Approaches

The current report describes the chemical investigation and biological activity of extracts produced by three fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium simplicissimum, and Fusarium proliferatum isolated from the roots of Piper nigrum L. growing in Vietnam. These fungi were namely determined by morphological and DNA analyses. GC/MS identification revealed that the EtOAc extracts of these fungi were associated with the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. These EtOAc extracts showed cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines HepG2, inhibited various microbacterial organisms, especially fungus Aspergillus niger and yeast Candida albicans (the MIC values of 50–100 μg/mL). In α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, they induced the IC₅₀ values of 1.00-2.53 μg/mL were better than positive control acarbose (169.80 μg/mL). The EtOAc extract of F. oxysporum also showed strong anti-inflammatory activity against NO production and PGE-2 level. Four major compounds linoleic acid (37.346 %), oleic acid (27.520 %), palmitic acid (25.547 %), and stearic acid (7.030 %) from the EtOAc extract of F. oxysporum were selective in molecular docking study, by which linoleic and oleic acids showed higher binding affinity towards α-glucosidase than palmitic and stearic acids. In subsequent docking assay with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid could be moderate inhibitors.     

Novel (E)-3-(3-Oxo-4-substituted-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-N-hydroxypropenamides as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Design,Synthesis and Bioevaluation

Herein, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel (E)-3-(3-oxo-4-substituted-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-N-hydroxypropenamides ( 4 a – i , 7 a – g ) targeting histone deacetylases. Three human cancer cell lines were used to test the cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds (SW620, colon; PC-3, prostate; NCI−H23, lung cancer); inhibitory activity towards HDAC; anticancer activity; as well as their impact on the cell cycle and apoptosis. As a result, compounds 4 a – i bearing the alkyl substituents seemed to be less potent than the benzyl-containing compounds 7 a – g in all biological assays. Compounds 7 e – f were found to be the most active HDAC inhibitors with IC₅₀ of 1.498±0.020 μM and 1.794±0.159 μM, respectively. In terms of cytotoxicity and anticancer assay, 7 e and 7 f also showed good activity with IC₅₀ values in the micromolar range. In addition, the cell cycle and apoptosis of SW620 were affected by compound 7 f in almost a similar manner to that of reference compound SAHA. Docking assays were carried out for analysis the binding mode and selectivity of this compound toward 8 HDAC isoforms. Overall, our data confirmed that the inhibition of HDAC plays a pivotal role in their anticancer activity.     

Effect of larval population density on the adult morphology of two species of Lepidoptera, Plusia gamma L. and Pieris brassicae L.

The morphological effects of population density in locusts in the production of phases is now well established and in recent years somewhat parallel effects have been observed in the larvae of Lepidoptera. Unlike locusts Lepidoptera pass through a quiescent pupal period but nevertheless the adult may be affected. In both P. gamma and P. brassicae adults from crowded larval cultures were smaller in both size and weight although the effect was counteracted to some extent by approaching pupal diapause in P. brassicae. The effect was similar in many cases to that produced by an increase in temperature except that it disturbed the relationships between the lengths of the wing and hind femur with the live weight. The ratio of these lengths (equivalent to E/F ratio in locusts) was significantly increased but was not a satisfactory index of larval population density. No effects were observed in the wing pattern and colouration in either species.

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Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung der larvalen Populationsdichte auf die Morphologie der jungen Falter wurde bei Plusia gamma und Pieris brassicae durch Vergleich frischgeschlüpfter Falter aus Einzel- und aus Massenzuchten bestimmt.Bei P. gamma wogen Puppen aus Massenkulturen etwas weniger und verloren während des Puppenstadiums mehr an Gewicht. Die entstehenden Falter waren gewichtsmäßig deutlich leichter und hatten etwas kürzere Flügel. Größe und Gewicht der Männchen waren größer als die der Weibchen, und da die Massenzucht die meßbaren Größen bei den Weibchen stärker beeinflußt, verstärkte sie den Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern. Jahreszeitliche Unterschiede wurden beobachtet, wobei Gewicht und Größen in der warmen Jahreszeit geringer waren, doch blieb der jahreszeitliche Einfluß geringer als der durch Übervölkerung hervorgerufene.Bei P. brassicae hatte die Massenzucht eine ähnliche Wirkung auf die Puppen- und Erwachsenengewichte und auch auf die Maße, außer daß der Flügel kürzer und schmaler war. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern wurden durch die Massenaufzucht nicht verschärft. Lebendgewicht und Femurlänge waren beim Männchen größer, währen das Weibchen größere Flügel hatte. Bei Herannahen der Diapause wurde die Wirkung der Massenkultur auf Puppen- und Imaginalgewicht kompensiert, aber die Wirkungen auf die Erwachsenenmaße blieben noch erhalten, wenn auch in geringerem Ausmaß als sie bei nichtdiapausierenden Generationen zu beobachten waren. In der wärmeren Jahreszeit wurden Variationen erzielt, die in etwa den durch Übervölkerung bewirkten ähnlich waren, außer daß die Flügel abweichende Form aufwiesen und daß Übervölkerung bei den Männchen die Wirkung stark reduzierte.In Einzelkulturen beider Arten wurden positive, aber nicht stark signifikante Korrelationen in der Beziehung von Costa- und Hinterschenkellänge mit dem Lebendgewicht gefunden. Diese Beziehungen wurden durch Massenkultur gestört.In beiden Arten wurde das Costa-Schenkel-Verhältnis durch Massenkultur signifikant vergrößert (cf. E/F-Rate bei Heuschrecken), ergab aber keinen befriedigenden Index für die larvale Populationsdichte.In der Flügelzeichnung und Färbung beider Arten wurden durch larvale Massenkultur keine Wirkungen beobachtet.